Bosch D3323 Distance Performance Filter

Abstract

Looking for a digital camcorder for use in performing surveillance? Well, technology improvements in CCD and CMOS effigy sensors as well as the introduction of new high definition display and recording formats have surely resulted in the introduction of lots of dissimilar digital camcorder models. Because of the wide variation in features and price points, it’s more difficult than ever to select the optimal digital camcorder. Certainly, numerous models will be better than others in considerateness of the specific application for which the camcorder is intended and the features that are required. Because there are so numerous constituents involved in making a selection and since new models are ofttimes introduced, it’s best to provide guidelines utile when assessing models intended for a specific application. Then, as new models become available, they may be equated to existent models based on the same guidelines.

The goal of this paper is to provide guidelines that will have to be considered when assessing camcorders for use in surveillance applications. These apps are those that would be employed by military, law enforcement and special investigative personnel for gathering proof or performing electronic news gathering and normally include observing at a distance. While these are utile guidelines for understanding important camcorder specs, prior to making your own camcorder buy decision, we suggest that you carry out your own exploration of available models and, based on these guidelines, select those models that are expected to deliver the best performance and carry out your own tests beneath real-life situations. You may learn that other components may be primary to your specific application and that your final decision is a compromise of those other factors.

For surveillance, optical effigy quality is of most eminent importance. Camcorder solution and sensitivity are the primary elements to consider, with a potpourri of affiliated components such as effigy and pixel fields-of-view, the pixel size, as well as the frame rate, effigy stabilization, substitute lens choices and lens interchangeability, integration mode, digital zoom and display resolution, user interface, video formats, recording media, manual gain, infrared mode, video compression, external audio inputs, viewfinder, robustness, and video compression.

Camcorder Resolution

Video solution is affected by a potpourri of dissimilar camcorder specifications. It is well known that high definition camcorders deliver higher solution than ordinary definition formats. However, it is crucial to realize that if the camcorder is employed to record effigy sequences that are later to be viewed (rather than using the camcorder just to view the video output in real time), both the optical solution and the recording format ought to be considered in determining the uttermost video resolution. Considered separately, the optical solution depends not only on the detector array size but likewise the effigy and pixel field-of-view. HD recording format also affects resolution. Finally, there are other solution components that may warrant considerateness in order to determine the uttermost camcorder resolution.

Detector Array Size:

It seems that each camcorder uses a somewhat dissimilar imaging detector. While the HD recording format may be 1280×720, 1440×1080 or 1920×1080, the imaging detectors may vary rather a bit. As shown in the table, for a selection of mid-range camcorders, detector array sizes may vary from single chip cameras having arrays as big as 1920×1080 (Canon HF-10 and Sony HDRSR11) to three-chip blocks having detectors as huge as 1440×1080. The physical size of the imaging detector likewise varies from camcorder to camcorder.

Image and Pixel Field-of-View:

As shown in the accompanying chart (reference at link below) the combining of the physical size of the camcorder’s imaging detector (for example 1/3″) and the focal length of it is goal to be attained lens (for example 50mm) result in an effigy field-of-view (FOV) that is specified as the angle of view from which effigy info is received. There are discerned angles corresponding to the horizontal and vertical directions depending on the aspect symmetry of the image. For wide screen video formats, the vertical FOV is 9/16 of the horizontal FOV. All camcorders have zoom lenses where the focal length varies from a wide angle position (with the greatest angular FOV) to a telephoto position (with the smallest angular FOV). A littler field-of-view results in a higher effigy exposure as would be required to view little objects at a distance.

Smaller imaging detectors give rise to narrower angles of view when employed on the same focal length lens. For example, a 50 mm lens delivers a horizontal FOV of 5.5° and 3.7° when used with a 1/2″ and 1/3″ format detector, respectively. Based on the variation of detector sizes and lens focal lengths, the angular field of view for dissimilar camcorders varies accordingly. The effigy FOV may be determined for any camcorder based on a simple formula.

The pixel FOV (also known as the instantaneous field of view, or IFOV) is a measure of the solution of an imaging system. Though related, effigy FOV and pixel FOV are distinct and a camcorder having the narrow effigy FOV does not inevitably have a sameness narrow pixel FOV. As shown in the table (reference at link below), while the Canon camcorders have the smallest effigy and pixel FOV values, the Sony HDR-SR11 has a little pixel FOV in spite of an effigy FOV that is almost twice as wide as those for Canon.

A handy FOV calculator may be employed to determine the FOV values for sure nominee camcorders. Pixel FOV is also calculated as are detection, identification and acknowledgement range values for sure specified object sizes at a specified distance.

Recording Format:

The divergence among the dissimilar HD recording formats is beyond the scope of this white paper. However, the affect of recording format on solution is critical to imaging performance for surveillance apps and is described here.

As shown in the figure (reference at the link below), general definition camcorders (with a 4:3 aspect ratio) recorded video with 480 horizontal rows per frame giving a solution of 640 x 480. (This is for NTSC formats. PAL formats recorded with 576 rows per frame giving a solution of 640×576). Wide screen versions of these popular definition camcorders with a 16:9 aspect symmetry were also available and recorded with somewhat larger solution of 720 x 480 (720×576 for PAL versions). Because of the limitations of the recording format, it would not have been utile to have a high solution CCD/CMOS detector larger than 720×480 pixels in a standard definition NTSC camcorder except beneath sure circumstances (like zooming in to view central pixels). However, with the introduction of higher solution recording formats, higher solution detectors make sense.

Camcorder Sensitivity

High definition refers to video having higher solution than standard definition and most ordinarily refers to resolutions based on either 720 rows/frame or 1080 rows/frame. Recording formats may either be 1920×1080, 1440×1080 and 1280×720. Consequently, are available with either 720 or 1080 rows per frame recording formats having a solution of 1280×720 and 1920×1080 respectively. It is necessary to understand the recording format for any camcorder under consideration. If the full sensor solution is necessary to carry out the surveillance function, then make sure that the camcorder records in sufficient resolution.

Had this whitepaper been with regards to digital still cameras, the above discussion of recording format would’ve been sufficient to describe the effects on effigy quality. However, since video incorporates motion, the fact that some camcorders record “interlaced” video while others record “progressive” video has a good deal of relevance, particularly when motion is essential to the type of surveillance being performed. If not, then the relevance of interlace vs. progressive scan is less important.

Other Resolution Factors:

It’s worth mentioning that in those camcorders that utilise three sensors, pixel shift engineering science has been used in the horizontal axis to make incremental improvements to the sensor solution by using interpolation. This complicates the calculation of optical solution somewhat, but may not be a essential factor.

Camcorder low-light sensitivity is commonly of primary importance for surveillance applications, peculiarly when imaging at dusk or dawn, but also when attaching a night imaginativeness module that intensifies ambient light. The guidelines for camcorder evaluation are listed below. We commend a review of the following factors: the Recommended Minimum Illumination Specification, Objective Lens F-number, Detector Pixel Size, Night Vision Module availability.

As such, but criteria enabling the comparison of these including: goal to be attained lens F-number, pixel size, electronic noise reduction, It is evident that low-light performance as elaborate on the list of the camcorders specifications because dissimilar cameras may create varying results, even altho the specifications may be similar.

Consequently, once you’ve identified a few dissimilar camcorders that have the features of interest and the performance that you require, it is primary to test the camcorder’s low-light capabilities.

Recommended Minimum Illumination Specification:

Quite often, low-light performance specifications are provided on a camcorder’s specification sheet. These are normally described as either “low light sensitivity” or “minimum illumination” and the result is given in lux. The lower the lux rating, the better the camcorder performs in low light. However, because the details describing how these low-light measurements are made is not oftentimes provided, it is exceedingly difficult to compare these figures when comparing dissimilar camcorder models from dissimilar manufacturers. (What’s the assumed reflectiveness of the objects being viewed? What’s the signal-to-noise ratio? Image brightness? etc.). As such, use of these specifications is perplexed and not many times satisfying. It is evidently best to test the camcorders yourself. Some internet sites (such as camcorderinfo.com) carry out their own very stringent tests.

Detector Pixel Size:

Not only is the detector array size important, but the physical size of the detector is likewise crucial for a number of reasons. Most often, little detector physical sizes (such as 1/6″ format) are found in less costly camcorders while more spectacular detectors (e.g. 1/3″ format) are found in higher performance camcorders. Physically little detectors require small, less highpriced lenses and result in compact, lower cost camcorders. For surveillance applications, an necessary considerateness is that light sensitivity decreases with pixel size. While more prominent pixels in frequent have more light sensitivity and are superior when imaging in low light or at night, more spectacular pixels likewise result in a decrease in solution (in contemplation of a peculiar focal length lens). Also, larger pixels with big array sizes result in big arrays and big lenses. So, littler pixels are often preferable. One must compare the sensitivity of camcorders with the smallest pixels with other camcorders being considered. Pixel sizes for a assortment of digital camcorders are shown in the accompanying chart (reference at link below).

Objective Lens F-Number:

As with SLR cameras, lens F-number is exceedingly important to a camcorder’s low light sensitivity. All other things being equal, a lens with a low f-number (such as F1.4) focuses much of the light from the scene onto the camcorder’s sensible imaging detector. A lens with an F-number that is twice as high (F2.8) will pass only 25% of the light through it, making the camcorder 25% as sensitive. That’s a lot! For compact camcorders with integral lenses, now and again the goal to be attained lens ought to be designed with a comparatively high F-number in order to retain the compact design yet deliver the desirable zoom range. In particular, one finds that the F-number at the longer focal length values increments slightly. F-numbers at the greatest or most complete or best possible zoom setting for a potpourri of digital camcorders are shown in the accompanying chart (reference at link below).

Night Vision Module Availability:

For camcorders to be employed for surveillance applications, the availability of a night imagination module may be rather important, peculiarly for imaging at a distance and at night. Camcorders plainly do not have sufficient light sensitivity to enable imaging in these environments. However, by attaching a night imaginativeness module such as those shown on our internetsite at http://www.electrophysics.com/night-vision, the light sensitivity of the camcorder may be increased by up to ten F-stops. As is well known, the resulting night imaginativeness images will be green, absent of all color. But, reasonable images may be produced in starlight and moonlight. Some of these night imagination modules may be seen by clicking on the link below.

Other Factors To Consider

In assessing camcorders for surveillance applications, solution and sensitivity are commonly the essential considerations, other components may is worthy of attention. Some of these are listed below.

Media: “Media” refers to where the video will be stored. Many camcorders apply various dissimilar media types. The following are the mutual types of media and numerous considerations for surveillance applications:

• MiniDV Tape – These have been applied for a heap of years. The downside is the need to fast forward and rewind rather than direct access. However, they are known to be rather reliable, they are widely available and rugged. In addition, it is ofttimes commodious to have physical media with surveillance footage rather than a soft copy only which could more effortlessly be misplaced or mislabeled.
• MiniDVD – Though a intimate media, it may not be as commodious as one expects since the DVD ofttimes cannot be directly inserted into DVD players. Also, recording in the most eminent quality now and again results in significantly lower capacity.
• Hard Disk Drive (HDD) – These are in general high capacity media (e.g. 120 gigabytes) with long record times. Backup is plainly important and necessary. Also note cautiously if compressed video is being applied for storage in order to increase the available capacity.
• Flash Memory – Flash memory (such as solid state memory and memory cards) is very beautiful since there are no moving parts resulting in a compact and effective design. Capacities are increasing each year.

Image stabilization:

Image stabilization is a camcorder feature that helps improve effigy quality for the duration of hand-held video recordings, reducing blur due to camcorder motion. The stabilizer without any delay corrects camcorder shake so that hand held shots at full telephoto (such as video taken from a moving car) are smooth and steady. These effigy stabilizers may be either optical or digital in design. Optical effigy stabilizers commonly manipulate a prism in the lens to stabilize the effigy when projected on the camcorder detector. Digital effigy stabilizers commonly sense the camcorder motion and, taking vantage of extra rows and columns on the perimeter of the detector, shift the effigy an suitable amount to stabilize sure types of motion. Normally, the optical effigy stabilizers, altho more expensive, are preferable since they better remove the blur factor of the motion.

Lens interchangeability:

Many lower cost camcorders have non-removable goal to be attained lenses. These lenses are compact and highly integrated into the camcorder’s housing, have a very wide zoom range and even macro capability. Normally, the field-of-view of the integrated zoom lens is chosen to achieve the FOV range desired for most applications. However, for increased versatility, higher-end camcorders offer a removable lens and a lens mount so that a series of lenses may be offered for a wider variation of applications, including wider angle and more telephoto viewing. (See a list of mid-range camcorders having removable lenses here). For non-removable lens camcorders, if wider angle or more telephoto FOV values are required, adapters are on occasion offered to alter the exposure as desired. But the result is a reduction in optical quality. For the surveillance videographer, interchangeable lenses may be a great gain if the exposure offered by fixed lens camcorders isn’t sufficient for the desired application. In addition, night vision modules that are designed for removable lens camcorders fit among the lens and camcorder and retain all that goal to be attained lens’ functions including motorized zoom, auto-iris and effigy stabilization.

Digital zoom:

Digital zoom is an crucial feature for any camcorder. Because it is not possible to be grateful for all the imaging detector’s solution on the camcorder’s viewfinder or display panel, digital zoom enables the operator to view details on the viewfinder that would other than as supposed or expected go unnoticed until digital images were later analyzed. In addition, it’s utile to note that a detector having a more spectacular pixel array enables the operator to carry out more digital zoom than with a camcorder having a littler detector without the effects of pixelization.

User interface:

Any camcorder operator will assert that availability to features is of galore importance. Drilling down through sub-menu after sub-menu to access procedure functions is not a desirable thing to do while in the field.

Infrared mode:

Some camcorders feature a sensitivity to near infrared light permitting the use of an infrared illuminator to brighten scenes. For a potpourri of reasons, these illuminators are not applicable for galore surveillance situations. For one thing, commonly the illuminators included with the camcorders do not project sufficient illumination at the distances of interest. In addition, they may be detected by others with most camcorders and CCD cameras.

Manual Gain:

For low-light situations, a heap of camcorders offer a manual gain mode that permits the user to manually adjust the gain in the video image, ordinarily increments up to +18dB. Though grainy, for surveillance applications, the video images are ordinarily a significant betterment over non-gained or even auto-gained versions.

Shutter Speed:

If sustaining the ordinary frame rate (for example 60Hz) is not necessary because the objects beneath observation are not moving quickly, the frame rate and detector shutter speed may be scaled down (for example to 1/3 sec) so that each of the sensor’s pixels will integrate light over a longer time that they are exposed. In darkened environments, selecting the longest satisfactory integration time may be sufficient to provide a usable effigy at dusk or dawn.

External Audio inputs:

In order to prevent the aspect of sounding like a pure optics geek, it is necessary to mention that audio quality and access to external audio inputs is crucial for the surveillance videographer. The built-in microphone doesn’t always work well when shooting images far away or when you need something more directional to filter out ambient noise.

Viewfinder:

When performing covert surveillance, having a viewfinder on the camcorder is now and again necessary in order to prevent the illumination from the bright LCD panel.

Robustness:

Another severe compromise is the lack of robustness in camera hardware – the flimsy switches and controls that cause videographers stress. When you’re out in the field underneath perchance dangerous conditions, you don’t want to be playing around with little controls and LCD panels that effortlessly come apart.

Price:

Of course, price is always a thoughtfulness when assessing the a heap of a great deal of camcorders models available today. But, what these guidelines will have to show is that very often, the most pricey camcorder may not be the best for a specific application. Understand what features are most beneficial for your application in contemplation of camcorder price range.

Conclusion

Technology improvements in CCD and CMOS effigy sensors as well as the introduction of new high definition display and recording formats have resulted in the introduction of lots of dissimilar digital camcorder models. Guidelines have been provided when assessing camcorders for use in surveillance applications.

For surveillance, optical effigy quality is of most eminent importance. Camcorder solution and sensitivity are the crucial elements to consider, with a potpourri of affiliated constituents such as effigy and pixel fields-of-view, the pixel size, as well as the frame rate, effigy stabilization, substitute lens choices and lens interchangeability, integration mode, digital zoom and display resolution, user interface, video formats, recording media, manual gain, infrared mode, video compression, external audio inputs, viewfinder, robustness, and video compression.

While these are utile guidelines for understanding primary camcorder specs, prior to making your own camcorder buy decision, we suggest that you carry out your own exploration of available models and, based on these guidelines, select those models that are expected to deliver the best performance and carry out your own tests underneath real-life situations. You may learn that other constituents may be essential to your specific application and that your final decision is a compromise of those other factors.

To View all figures and illustrations referenced in this article, CLICK HERE

DISCLAIMER: We have made each try to provide precise information. However, we cannot receive any obligation for errors or inaccuracies. Should you distinguish errors or require assistance, please contact us directly. Thank you.

Bosch D3323 Distance Performance Filter

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Bosch D3323 Distance Performance Filter Picture

Bosch D3323 Distance Performance Filter Pic